Comprehensive Screening and Treatment Monitoring Checklists for AD/HD and Many Other Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

By Kenneth D. Gadow, Ph. D. and Joyce Sprafkin, Ph. D

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INTRODUCTION TO ALL THE INVENTORIES

EARLY CHILDHOOD INVENTORY-4

CHILD SYMPTOM INVENTORIES

ADOLESCENT SYMPTOM INVENTORIES

YOUTH INVENTORY-4

ADHD SYMPTOM CHECKLIST-4

ADHD SCHOOL OBSERVATION CODE

INTRODUCTION TO ALL THE INVENTORIES                            

The Symptom Inventories are screening instruments for the behavioral, affective, and cognitive symptoms of over a dozen DSM- IV childhood disorders. Individual items are phrased in such a way as to be easily understood by parents and teachers. There are Child Symptom Inventories for three different age groups, Early Childhood Inventory- 4 (ages 3 to 5 years), Child Symptom Inventory- 4 (ages 5 to 12 years), and Adolescent Symptom Inventory- 4 (ages 12 to 18 years), and a self- report measure for adolescent patients, Youth’s Inventory- 4 (ages 12 to 18 years).

In a mental health setting, the clinician can either (a) ask the parent or teacher each question and record the respondent’s answer, or more efficiently, (b) simply review the answers during the clinical interview and ask more detailed questions about those categories that the youth’s care provider has indicated are problem areas. The items are grouped according to diagnostic category, which facilitates a thorough and orderly interview, helps in detecting comorbid conditions, and simplifies making differential diagnoses.

In a school setting, the school psychologist can use the Child Symptom Inventories to screen for the presence of emotional and behavioral symptoms in children who are being considered for special services. They can also help to determine whether a child should be referred to a qualified mental health professional for a more in-depth evaluation.

In a general medical practice, the Child Symptom Inventories can help the physician to identify the specific emotional or behavioral problems that are of concern to parents. The physician can easily decide whether referral to a mental health professional is appropriate.

SCORING PROCEDURES

There are two different methods to score the Child Symptom Inventories: Symptom Count scores (never= 0, sometimes= 0, often= 1, very often= 1) and Symptom Severity scores (never= 0, sometimes= 1, often= 2, very often= 3). The Symptom Count scoring procedure helps to identify children who exhibit the minimum number of symptoms necessary for a diagnosis of a disorder and who may require a more in- depth clinical evaluation. The Symptom Severity scoring procedure measures the degree of behavioral deviance compared with a norm sample. T scores from 60 to 69 denote symptoms of moderate severity, and T scores of 70 and above indicate high symptom severity. Obtained scores can be plotted on Symptom Severity Profile score sheets.

ADMINISTRATION TIME

It takes approximately 10 - 15 minutes to complete the Parent Checklist and 5 - 10 minutes to complete the Teacher Checklist. After a little practice, the Child Symptom Inventories can be scored in 3 - 5 minutes. Computer scoring and report writing software programs are available.

RELIABILITY and VALIDITY

Numerous studies have been conducted to examine the reliability and validity of these instruments. Briefly, the test- retest reliabilities of most symptom categories range from moderate to high. Predictive validity was investigated in over a dozen studies by making comparisons with structured psychiatric interviews or data- based psychiatric diagnoses in a research- oriented teaching hospital. The findings from these studies indicate reasonably low rates of false negatives (moderate to high sensitivity) and low rates of false positives (moderate to high specificity) for most disorders. The Child Symptom Inventories show reasonably high agreement with other commonly used behavior rating scales (convergent validity) and easily differentiate clinical and non-clinical samples (discriminant validity).

NORMS

Although DSM- IV lists one set of symptoms for all child and adolescent disorders, our normative data studies show that there are important age, gender or rater differences in Symptom Severity scores for almost all symptom categories. Moreover, it is possible to receive a Symptom Severity score in the 90th percentile and yet not have the prerequisite symptoms for a diagnosis. In such borderline cases, the availability of normative data helps the clinician to make treatment decisions.

CHILD SYMPTOM INVENTORIES Ages 5 to 12 Years               TOP

PRODUCT INFORMATION

The 1998 CSI- 4 Screening Manual is a 117- page book that reviews diagnostic criteria and describes research, scoring guidelines, and clinical applications for Symptom Count scores. The CSI- 4 Norms Manual is a 154- page book that presents normative data and describes research, scoring guidelines, and clinical applications for Symptom Severity scores. The CSI- 4 Deluxe Kit contains the Screening Manual, the Norms Manual, 25 Parent Checklists, 25 Teacher Checklists, 50 Symptom Count score sheets (with scoring instructions, cutoff scores, and rule out diagnoses), and 50 Symptom Severity Profile ( T scores) score sheets for both Parent and Teacher Checklists. The Inventario de Sintomas Infantiles-4 is a Spanish- language version of the CSI that is keyed to the English language version item- by- item. The Scoring and Report Writing Software scores the Parent and Teacher Checklists and prints tables of Symptom Count scores and a report containing a comprehensive description of each disorder. This program (for IBM PCS or compatibles) is designed to operate as a single installation on any DOS- based computer (DOS 6.0 or higher) and must be run from a hard drive that has a minimum of 1.8 megabytes of available space. The Child Symptom Inventory- 4 (CSI- 4) is a behavior rating scale that screens for DSM- IV emotional and behavioral disorders in children between 5 and 12 years old. The CSI- 4: Parent Checklist contains 97 items that screen for 15 emotional and behavioral disorders, and the CSI- 4: Teacher Checklist contains 77 items that screen for 13 emotional and behavioral disorders. The CSI- 4 can be scored to derive Symptom Count scores (diagnostic model) or Symptom Severity scores (normative data model). Scoring is quick and easy with user- friendly score sheets.

DISORDERS INCLUDED

RESEARCH

CSI- 4 scores demonstrate satisfactory test- retest reliability, show a high degree of correspondence with psychiatric diagnosis (predictive validity), and correlate well with other commonly used dimensional scales (concurrent validity). The norm sample for the Parent Checklist ( N= 552) and the Teacher Checklist ( N= 1,300) consisted of children between 5 and 12 years old who attended public elementary schools. T scores and raw scores for males and females are presented separately on Symptom Severity Profile score sheets. Normative data for children referred to a child psychiatry outpatient clinic are also available for the Parent Checklist ( N= 590) and Teacher Checklist ( N= 548).

ADOLESCENT SYMPTOM INVENTORIES Ages 12 to 18 Years        TOP

PRODUCT INFORMATION

The 1997 ASI- 4 Screening Manual is a 145- page book that reviews diagnostic criteria and describes research, scoring guidelines, and clinical applications for Symptom Count scores. The ASI- 4 Norms Manual is a 168- page book that presents normative data and describes research, scoring guidelines, and clinical applications for Symptom Severity scores. The ASI- 4 Deluxe Kit contains the Screening Manual, the Norms Manual, 25 Parent Checklists, 25 Teacher Checklists, 50 Symptom Count score sheets (with scoring instructions, cutoff scores, and rule out diagnoses), and 50 Symptom Severity Profile ( T scores) score sheets for both Parent and Teacher Checklists. The Scoring and Report Writing Software scores the Parent, Teacher, and Youth Checklists and prints tables of Symptom Count scores and a report containing a comprehensive description of each disorder. This program (for IBM PCS or compatibles) is designed to operate as a single installation on any DOS- based computer (DOS 6.0 or higher) and must be run from a hard drive that has a minimum of 1.8 megabytes of available space. The Adolescent Symptom Inventory- 4 (ASI- 4) is a behavior rating scale that screens for DSM- IV emotional and behavioral disorders in youths between 12 and 18 years old. The parent- completed ASI- 4 Checklist contains 120 items that screen for 18 emotional and behavioral disorders, and the ASI- 4: Teacher Checklist contains 79 items that screen for 15 emotional and behavioral disorders. The Youth’s Inventory- 4 is a self- report instrument that corresponds item- by item to the ASI- 4. The ASI- 4 can be scored to derive Symptom Count scores (diagnostic model) or Symptom Severity scores (normative data model). Scoring is quick and easy with user- friendly score sheets.

DISORDERS INCLUDED

RESEARCH

ASI- 4 scores show a high degree of correspondence with psychiatric diagnosis (predictive validity) and correlate well with other commonly used dimensional scales (concurrent validity). The norm sample for the parent- completed ASI- 4 Checklist ( N= 761) and the Teacher Checklist ( N= 994) consisted of youths between 12 and 18 years old who attended public middle and secondary schools. T scores and raw scores for males and females are presented separately on Symptom Severity Profile score sheets

YOUTH’S INVENTORY-4 Ages 12 to 18 Years                      TOP

PRODUCT INFORMATION:

The YI- 4 Youth’s Inventory- 4 Manual (1999) presents research, normative data, scoring guidelines, and clinical applications for Symptom Count and Symptom Severity scores. The YI- 4 Symptom Severity Profile

score sheets list T scores (and corresponding raw scores) and provide an easy to use scoring format. The YI- 4 Deluxe Kit contains the YI- 4 Youth’s Inventory -4 Manual, 50 YI- 4 Checklists, 50 Symptom Count score sheets, and 50 Symptom Severity Profile score sheets.

The Youth's Inventory-4 (YI-4) is a self- report rating scale that helps to evaluate DSM- IV emotional and behavioral disorders in youths between 12 and 18 years old. Responses to the YI- 4 can provide valuable insight into the youth’s perceptions of his or her problems. The YI- 4 contains 120 items that correspond to those in the Adolescent Symptom Inventory- 4 and includes the symptoms of 18 disorders. The YI- 4 can be scored to derive Symptom Count scores (diagnostic model) or Symptom Severity scores (normative data model). Scoring is quick and easy with user- friendly score sheets.

DISORDERS INCLUDED:

RESEARCH:

YI- 4 Manual presents research on screening prevalence rates in norm and clinic samples, concurrent validity with other self- report measures, correspondence with psychiatric diagnoses, discriminant validity, gender differences, and distributions of Symptom Count and Symptom Severity scores in the norm sample. The norm sample ( N= 573) consists of youths between 12 and 18 years old who attend public middle and secondary schools. T scores and raw scores are presented on Symptom Severity Profile score sheets.

ADHD SYMPTOM CHECKLIST-4                                      TOP

INFORMATION

(ADHD- SC4) is a 50- item rating scale completed by parents and teachers to monitor response to treatment for AD/ HD and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). The ADHD- SC4 contains the symptoms of these DSM- IV disorders, the Peer Conflict Scale (which measures peer aggression),

and the Stimulant Side Effects Checklist (to monitor medication). The ADHD- SC4 is a reliable and valid screening and treatment monitoring instrument for children 3 to 18 years old. The ADHD- SC4 can be completed in 5 minutes and is quick and easy to score.

FEATURES

RESEARCH

ADHD- SC4 scores show a high degree of correspondence with psychiatric diagnosis (predictive validity), correlate well with other commonly used dimensional scales (concurrent validity), and easily differentiate clinical and nonclinical populations (discriminant validity). Peer Conflict Scale scores show high agreement with direct observations of child aggression. All four ADHD- SC4 categories are sensitive indicators of response to treatment. Product listing bottom of Pg 6.

NORMS

Teacher ( N= 2,715) and parent ( N= 1,844) norms are based on Child Symptom Inventories completed for children ages 3 to 18 years. T scores and raw scores are presented on Symptom Severity Profile score sheets.

ADHD SCHOOL OBSERVATION CODE                                  TOP

PRODUCT INFORMATION

Experts recommend using direct observations of school behavior in evaluations of children with AD/ HD. An observer uses the ADHD- SOC to assess the behavioral symptoms of AD/ HD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct problems in structured (classroom), semi-structured (lunchroom), and unstructured (playground) settings. Research shows that direct observations of child behaviors are important when making differential diagnoses, planning special education services, formulating treatment plans, and monitoring response to intervention.

RESEARCH

In over a dozen studies using the ADHD- SOC, it has been shown that with a modest amount of training it is possible to achieve a high degree of inter- rater reliability. The ADHD- SOC categories show a reasonablyhigh degree of correspondence with actual psychiatric diagnoses (predictive validity), easily differentiates clinical and nonclinical populations (discriminant validity), correlates well with commonly used behavior rating scales (concurrent validity), and are sensitive for evaluating response to therapeutic interventions.

The ADHD SCHOOL OBSERVATION CODE MANUAL is an 83- page book that reviews the diagnostic criteria for AD/ HD and other disruptive behavior disorders, describes the definitions for each behavior code category, and presents the findings from 13 years of research involving the use of the ADHD- SOC in public school settings. The MANUAL also describes how the ADHD- SOC can be used to evaluate children with AD/ HD and assess response to treatment. The ADHD- SOC KIT contains the Manual, a tablet of 25 Classroom ADHD- SOC Code Sheets, a tablet of 25 Lunchroom/ Playground ADHD- SOC Code Sheets, Classroom Training Code Sheets, and Lunchroom/ Playground Training Code Sheets.

EARLY CHILDHOOD INVENTORY-4 Ages 3 to 5 Years         TOP

PRODUCT INFORMATION

The ECI- 4 Screening Manual is a 117- page book that reviews diagnostic criteria and describes research, scoring guidelines, and clinical applications for Symptom Count scores. The ECI- 4 Norms Manual is a 184- page book that presents normative data and describes research, scoring guidelines, and clinical applications for Symptom Severity scores. The ECI- 4 Deluxe Kit contains the Screening Manual, the Norms Manual, 25 Parent Checklists, 25 Teacher Checklists, 50 Symptom Count score sheets (with scoring instructions, cutoff scores, and rule out diagnoses), and 50 Symptom Severity Profile ( T scores) score sheets for both Parent and Teacher Checklists.

(ECI- 4) is a behavior rating scale that screens for DSM- IV emotional and behavioral disorders in children between 3 and 5 years old. The ECI- 4: Parent Checklist contains 108 items that screen for 15 emotional and behavioral disorders, and the ECI- 4: Teacher Checklist contains 87 items that screen for 13 emotional and behavioral disorders. The ECI- 4 can be scored to derive Symptom Count scores (diagnostic model) or Symptom Severity scores (normative data model). Scoring is quick and easy with user- friendly score sheets.

DISORDERS INCLUDED

RESEARCH

ECI- 4 scores demonstrate satisfactory test- retest reliability, show a high degree of correspondence with psychiatric diagnosis (predictive validity), and correlate well with other commonly used dimensional scales (concurrent validity). The norm sample for the Parent Checklist ( N= 531) and the Teacher Checklist ( N= 398) consisted of children between 3 and 5 years old who attended day care, preschool, and Head Start programs. T scores and raw scores for males and females are presented separately on Symptom Severity Profile score sheets.

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